The few sites associated with Malwa Ware and Jorwe Ware are also found. 9.After the fall of the Gupta empire in the 6th century, Gujarat flourished as an independent HinduBuddhist state.
The Maitraka dynasty, descended from a Gupta general, ruled from the 6th to the 8th centuries from their capital at Vallabhi, although they were ruled briefly by Harsha during the 7th century. The Arab rulers of Sindh sacked Vallabhi in 770, bringing the Maitraka dynasty to an end. The Gurjara-Pratihara Empire ruled Gujarat after from the 8th to 10th centuries. As well as, for some periods the region came under the control of Rashtrakuta Empire and Pala Empire. In 775 the first Parsi ( Zoroastrian ) refugees arrived in Gujarat from Greater Iran. From 1297 to 1300, Alauddin Khalji, the Turkic Sultan of Delhi, destroyed Anhilwara and incorporated Gujarat into the Delhi Sultanate. After Timur s sacking of Delhi at the end of the 14th century weakened the Sultanate, Gujarats governor Zafar Khan Muzaffar asserted his independence, and his son, Sultan Ahmad Shah I (ruled 1411 to 1442), restructured Ahmedabad as the capital. In the early 16th century the Rana Sanga invasion of Gujarat weakened the power of Gujarat as he annexed northern Gujarat and appointed his vassal to rule there, however after his death, the Sultan of Gujarat recovered its kingdom and even sacked Chittor Fort in 1535. The Sultanate of Gujarat remained independent until 1576, when the Mughal emperor Akbar conquered it and annexed it to the Mughal Empire as a province. Surat had become the prominent and main port of India during Mughal rule. The British East India Company wrested control of much of Gujarat from the Marathas during the Second Anglo-Maratha War. Many local rulers, notably the Gaekwads of Baroda, made a separate peace with the British and acknowledged British sovereignty in return for retaining local self-rule. Gujarat was placed under the political authority of the Bombay Presidency, with the exception of Baroda state, which had a direct relationship with the Governor-General of India. From 1818 to 1947, most of present-day Gujarat, including Kathiawar, Kutch, and northern and eastern Gujarat were divided into hundreds of princely states, but several districts in central and southern Gujarat were ruled directly by British officials. Mohandas Gandhi, considered Indias father of the nation, was a Gujarati who led the Indian Independence Movement against the British colonial rule. From 1960 to 1995, Indian National Congress retained power in Gujarat Legislative Assembly while other political parties ruled for incomplete terms in the 1970s and 1990. The lands of Gujarat has been continuously inhabited from the Lower Paleolithic (c. The Upper Paleolithic period sites from Visadi, Panchmahals, Bhamaria, Kantali, Palanpur and Vavri are also explored. The sites in Kutch and Bhadar riverbeds in Saurashtra has also yielded stone age tools. Some of other such sites are Hirpura, Derol, Kapadvanj, Langhnaj and Shamlaji. Neolithic tools are found at Langhnaj in north Gujarat. Total 59 of these sites are excavated while others are studied from artifacts. These traditions are closely associated with Harappan civillization and difference between them is identified by difference in ceramics and findings of microliths. These traditions and cultures include Anarta Tradition (c. BC), Padri Ware (36002000 BC), Pre-Prabhas Assemblage (32002600 BC), Pre Urban Harappan Sindh Type Pottery (Burial Pottery) (30002600 BC), Black and Red Ware (3950900 BC), Reserved Slip Ware (39501900 BC), Micaceous Red Ware (26001600 BC). Prabhas Assemblage (22001700 BC) and Lustrous Red Ware (19001300 BC) are some late material cultures. The few sites associated with Malwa Ware and Jorwe Ware are also found.
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